Ukubuka Konke Kwengozi
Izingozi Zempilo: Kuyacasula isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila futhi kunomphumela wokubulala izinzwa ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi.
Ubuthi Obubukhali: Ukuhogela ukugcwala okuphezulu kwalomkhiqizo esikhathini esifushane kungabangela izimpawu zokucasuka ezisobala zamehlo kanye nomgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu, ukuminyana kwe-conjunctival kanye ne-pharyngeal, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukuqina kwesifuba, ubuthakathaka bemilenze, ukuhamba okuxakile, kanye nokudideka. Amacala amakhulu angase abe nokukhungatheka, ukuxhuzula, kanye nokukhoma.
Ubuthi Obungapheli: Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kungaholela ku-neurasthenic syndrome, ukuvuvukala kwesibindi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane abasebenza ehhovisi. Kungabangela nesikhumba esomile, ukuqhekeka, kanye ne-dermatitis.
Izingozi Zemvelo: Ziyingozi enkulu emvelweni futhi zingangcolisa umoya, indawo yamanzi kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukusha kanye Nengozi Yokuqhuma: Lo mkhiqizo uyasha futhi uyacasula.
Ubuthi: Buhlukaniswa njengobuthi obuphansi.
Ubuthi Obubukhali: LD50 5000mg/kg (ngomlomo kumagundane); LC50 12124mg/kg (okwesikhumba konogwaja); ukuhogela komuntu okungu-71.4 g/m³ kuyabulala ngesikhathi esifushane; ukuhogela komuntu okungu-3 g/m³ amahora angu-1-8 kubangela ubuthi obubukhali; ukuhogela komuntu okungu-0.2–0.3 g/m³ amahora angu-8 kuholela ezimpawini zobuthi.
Ukucasuka:
Ukuchayeka kwamehlo komuntu: 300ppm kubangela ukucasuka.
Ukuchayeka kwesikhumba sikanogwaja: 500mg kubangela ukucasuka okulinganiselwe.
Ubuthi obungamahlalakhona kanye nobuthi obungapheli: Amagundane nezingulube ze-Guinea ezivezwe ekuphefumuleni okungu-390 mg/m³ amahora angu-8 ngosuku ezinsukwini ezingu-90-127 zibonise izinguquko ohlelweni lwe-hematopoietic kanye nezitho ze-parenchymal.
Ukuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo: Ukuhlolwa kwe-micronucleus: ukuphathwa ngomlomo kwama-200 mg/kg kumagundane. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-cytogenetic: amagundane avulekele ekuphefumuleni okungu-5400 μg/m³ amasonto ayi-16 (ngokwesikhashana).
Ubuthi Bokuzala: Amagundane abekwe endaweni enobuthi obuphansi kakhulu (TCL0) engu-1.5 g/m³ amahora angama-24 (izinsuku 1-18 zokukhulelwa) abonise ubuthi obuvela embungwini kanye nokukhubazeka kokukhula kwemisipha. Amagundane abekwe endaweni enobuthi obuphansi kakhulu (TCL0) engu-500 mg/m³ amahora angama-24 (izinsuku 6-13 zokukhulelwa) abonise ubuthi obuvela embungwini.
Ukwakheka Nokonakala: I-Toluene emuncwa emzimbeni i-oxidized engu-80% ibe yi-benzyl alcohol lapho kukhona i-NADP, bese kuba yi-benzaldehyde lapho kukhona i-NAD, bese kuba yi-oxidized ibe yi-benzoic acid. Ibe isihlangana ne-glycine lapho kukhona i-coenzyme A kanye ne-adenosine triphosphate ukuze kwakheke i-hippuric acid. Ngakho-ke, u-16%–20% we-toluene emuncwa umzimba womuntu ukhishwa ungashintshi ngendlela yokuphefumula, kuyilapho u-80% ukhishwa yizinso ngesimo se-hippuric acid. Ngemva kokuchayeka ku-toluene, i-hippuric acid emchameni iyanda ngokushesha zingakapheli amahora ama-2, bese ikhuphuka kancane kancane futhi ibuyele emazingeni ajwayelekile emahoreni angu-16-24 ngemva kokuchayeka. Ingxenye encane ye-benzoic acid ihlangana ne-glucuronic acid ukuze kwakheke izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi. Ngaphansi kuka-1% we-toluene ixutshwa ibe yi-o-cresol. Emvelweni, i-toluene i-oxidize ibe yi-benzoic acid noma ibole ngqo ku-carbon dioxide namanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamandla zoku-oxidize noma lapho kukhona ama-catalyst lapho evezwa emoyeni.
Izinsalela Nokuqongelela: Cishe u-80% we-toluene ukhishwa emchameni wabantu nonogwaja njenge-hippuric acid, kuyilapho iningi elisele likhishwa. Laba babhali babike nokuthi u-0.4%–1.1% we-toluene ukhishwa njenge-o-cresol. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi i-metabolite eyinhloko, i-hippuric acid, ikhishwa ngokushesha emchameni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zokuchayeka emsebenzini, i-hippuric acid cishe ikhishwa ngokuphelele zingakapheli amahora angu-24 ngemva kokuphela kokuchayeka. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuchayeka okuphindaphindiwe kwamahora angu-8 nsuku zonke okulandelwa yizikhawu zokungachayeki kwamahora angu-16, ukuqongelela okuthile kwe-hippuric acid kungenzeka phakathi nesonto lomsebenzi, kodwa ukuqongelela kubuyela emazingeni angaphambi kokuchayeka ngemva kwempelasonto. Inani le-hippuric acid emchameni ojwayelekile liyahlukahluka kakhulu (0.3–2.5 g) kuye ngokudla okudliwayo kanye nomehluko womuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, ukumuncwa kwe-toluene akukwazi ukunqunywa ngokuphelele emazingeni e-hippuric acid yomchamo, kodwa kunokunemba okuthile ezinhlolovo zeqembu zokuthola ukumuncwa kwe-toluene. Amagundane ayelashwe nge-phenobarbital abonise izinga elikhuphukile lokunyamalala kwe-toluene egazini futhi anciphisa isikhathi sokulala ngemva kokujova i-toluene, okubonisa ukuthi ukungeniswa kwama-enzyme e-microsomal esibindi kungakhuthaza ukusebenza kwe-toluene.
Ukufuduka Nokuguqulwa: I-Toluene ikhiqizwa kakhulu ngowoyela ongahluziwe ngezinqubo ze-petrochemical. Isetshenziswa njengesinyibilikisi samafutha, ama-resin, irabha yemvelo neyokwenziwa, i-coal tar, i-asphalt, kanye ne-cellulose acetate. Isetshenziswa futhi njengesinyibilikisi kupende lwe-cellulose nama-varnish, kanye naku-photolithography kanye nezinyibilikisi ze-inki. I-Toluene futhi iyinto eluhlaza ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi i-benzoyl chloride, ama-phenyl compounds, i-saccharin, i-trinitrotoluene, kanye namadayi amaningi. Iphinde ibe yingxenye yephethiloli yezindiza neyezimoto. I-Toluene iyashintshashintsha futhi ayisebenzi kahle emvelweni. Ngenxa yokuhamba komoya, isakazwa kabanzi emvelweni futhi iqhubeka nokusebenzisa kabusha phakathi komoya namanzi ngemvula kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi ebusweni bamanzi. Ekugcineni ingawohloka ngenxa ye-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-microbial. Isifinyezo sokuhlushwa kwe-toluene okumaphakathi emoyeni wasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke sibonisa amazinga ajwayelekile angu-112.5–150 μg/m³, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhishwa okuhlobene nophethiloli (ukukhishwa kwemoto, ukucubungula uphethiloli) kanye nokulahlekelwa yizinyibilikisi kanye nokukhishwa okuvela emisebenzini yezimboni.
Izindlela Zosizo Lokuqala
Ukuthintana Nesikhumba: Susa izingubo ezingcolile bese ugeza isikhumba kahle ngensipho namanzi.
Ukuthintana Kwamehlo: Phakamisa amehlo bese ugeza ngamanzi agelezayo noma ngesisombululo sikasawoti. Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.
Ukuphefumula: Hamba ngokushesha uye emoyeni omusha. Gcina indlela yokuphefumula ivulekile. Nikeza umoya-mpilo uma ukuphefumula kunzima. Yenza ukuphefumula okwenziwe uma ukuphefumula kuyeka. Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.
Ukungena: Phuza amanzi afudumele amaningi ukuze uhlanze. Funa usizo lukadokotela.
Izinyathelo Zokulwa Nomlilo
Izici Eziyingozi: Iyavutha; umhwamuko oxutshwe nomoya ungakha izingxube eziqhumayo. Ukuchayeka emalangabini avulekile noma ekushiseni okuphezulu kungabangela ukusha noma ukuqhuma. Isabela kakhulu ngama-oxidants. Amazinga aphezulu okugeleza angakhiqiza futhi aqoqe ugesi ongashintshi. Umhwamuko usinda kunomoya futhi ungasakazeka amabanga amade uye ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho ungavutha khona bese ubuyela emuva.
Imikhiqizo Yokushisa Eyingozi: I-Carbon monoxide, i-carbon dioxide.
Izindlela Zokulwa Nomlilo: Pholisa izitsha ngesifutho samanzi. Susa izitsha endaweni yomlilo uziyise endaweni evulekile uma kungenzeka. Uma izitsha endaweni yomlilo zishintshe umbala noma zikhipha umsindo ovela kumadivayisi okusiza ukucindezeleka, phuma ngokushesha.
Izinto Zokucima Umlilo: Igwebu, impuphu eyomile, i-carbon dioxide, isihlabathi. Amanzi awasebenzi kahle ekucimeni.
Impendulo Ephuthumayo Yokuvuza
Impendulo Ephuthumayo: Susa abasebenzi endaweni evuzayo baye endaweni ephephile, bahlukanise, futhi balawule ngokuqinile ukufinyelela. Susa imithombo yokushisa. Abaphenduli bezimo eziphuthumayo kufanele bagqoke imishini yokuphefumula equkethe umfutho omuhle kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela. Nciphisa umthombo ovuzayo. Vimbela ukungena emiseleni yamanzi angcolile, emiseleni yokudonsa amanzi, noma kwezinye izindawo ezivalekile.
Ukuvuza Okuncane: Kumunce nge-activated carbon noma ezinye izinto ezingasebenzi kahle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, geza nge-emulsion eyenziwe nge-dispersant engashi, nciphisa uketshezi lokugeza, bese ulukhipha ohlelweni lwamanzi angcolile.
Ukuvuza Okukhulu: Yakha imigodi noma imigodi ukuze uvimbele ukuchitheka. Mboza ngegwebu ukuze unciphise izingozi zomusi. Sebenzisa amaphampu angaqhumi ukuze uwadlulisele emathangini noma ezitsheni ezikhethekile zokuqoqa ukuze zibuyiselwe noma zilahlwe ezindaweni zokwelashwa kwemfucuza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-24-2026